Mechanization or mechanisation (BE British English, or UK English , is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the United Kingdom from forms used elsewhere. The Oxford English Dictionary applies the term to English "as spoken or written in the British Isles; esp[ecially] the forms of English usual in Great Britain...", reserving ") is providing human operators with machinery that assist them with the muscular requirements of work. It can also refer to the use of machines A machine is a device that uses energy to perform some activity. In common usage, the meaning is that of a device having parts that perform or assist in performing any type of work. A simple machine is a device that transforms the direction or magnitude of a force without consuming any energy. The word "machine" is derived from the Latin to replace automatic labor or animals. A step beyond mechanization is automation Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies reducing the need for human intervention. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly reduces the need for. Even the use of hand powered tools is an example of mechanization as it reduces the work of either screwing, drilling, inserting nails, punching or even power washing a surface.

Contents

Terminology

The term is most often used in industry. The addition of powered machine tools, such as the steam powered A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid lathe A lathe is a machine tool which spins a block of material to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object which has symmetry about an axis of rotation dramatically reduced the amount of time needed to carry out various tasks, and improves productivity. Today very little construction of any sort is carried out with hand tools.

Military usage

Main article: Armoured warfare Armoured warfare or tank warfare is the use of armoured fighting vehicles in modern warfare. It is a major component of modern methods of war. The premise of armoured warfare rests on the ability of troops to penetrate conventional defensive lines through use of manoeuvre by armoured units

The term is also used in the military to refer to the use of tracked Continuous tracks are large tracks used on the so-called caterpillar tanks, construction equipment and certain other off-road vehicles. Unlike the Kégresse tracks which use a flexible belt, most continuous tracks are made of a number of rigid units that are joined to each other. The tracks help the vehicle to distribute its weight more evenly armoured vehicles An armoured fighting vehicle is a military vehicle, protected by armour and armed with weapons. AFVs can be wheeled or tracked, particularly armoured personnel carriers An armoured personnel carrier is an armoured fighting vehicle designed to transport infantry to the battlefield, to move troops that would otherwise have marched or ridden trucks into combat. Mechanization dramatically improved the mobility and fighting capability of infantry Infantrymen are soldiers who are specifically trained for the role of fighting on foot to engage the enemy face to face and have historically borne the brunt of the casualties of combat in wars. As the oldest branch of combat arms, they are the backbone of armies. Infantry units have more physically demanding training than other branches of armies,. In the armed forces of industrialized countries, all infantry is typically mechanized, with the possible exception of airborne forces Airborne forces are military units, usually light infantry, set up to be moved by aircraft and 'dropped' into battle. Thus they can be placed behind enemy lines, and have an ability to deploy almost anywhere with little warning. The formations are limited only by the number and size of their aircraft, so given enough capacity a huge force can.[citation needed]

Mechanization may also refer in the broader military sense to "motorization" or the replacement of horses with motor vehicles for all functions, including logistics, artillery tractors, etc.[citation needed]

Agriculture usage

Similarly refers to the replacement of manual labor and simple hand tools with human, animal, electrical and internal combustion engine powered (driven) machinery. This can be as simple as foot powered open drum threshers to more complex two-wheel tractor Two-wheel tractor or walking tractor are generic terms understood in the USA and in parts of Europe to represent a single-axle farm implement, usually self-powered and propelled. Similar terms are mistakenly applied to the household rotary tiller or power tiller that may be wheeled and/or self-propelled but normally is not. A further distinction to GPS The Global Positioning System is a space-based global navigation satellite system that provides reliable location and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on or near the Earth when and where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely guided combine harverster.

Mechanical vs human labour

Main article: Comparison of mechanical to human labour

When we compare the efficiency of a labourer, we see that he has an efficiency of about 1%-5.5% (depending on whether he uses arms, or a combination of arms and legs). Internal combustion engines have mostly about an efficiency of 20%.[1] This although, some IC engines state efficiencies of <50%. Electrical engines have an efficiency of 90%[2] Hydrogen IC engines have an efficiency of 30%.[3] Hydrogen fuel cell engines have an efficiency of 40-60%.[4]

When we compare the costs of using an internal combustion engine to a worker to perform work, we notice that an engine can perform more work at a comparative cost. 1 liter of fossil fuel burnt with a IC engine equals about 50 hands of workers operating for 24 hours or 275 arms and legs for 24 hours.[5][6]

In addition, the combined work capability of a human is also much lower than that of a machine. An average human can provide work good for around 250Wh/day, while a machine (depending on the type and size) can provide for far greater amounts of work. For example it takes four days of hard labour to deliver only one kWh - which a small engine could deliver in less than one hour while burning less than one litre of petroleum fuel. Combining both the inefficiency as well as the low cumulative work capability, we can see that a boss will pick a machine over a human anytime. This, as in practice it means that a gang of 20 to 40 men will require a financial compensation for their work at least equal to the required expended food calories (which is at least 4 to 20 times higher). In most situation, the worker will also want compensation for the lost time, which is easily 96 times greater per day. Even if we assume a the real wage cost for the human labour to be at US $1.00/day, an energy cost is generated of about $4.00/kWh. Despite this being a low wage for hard labour, even in some of the countries with the lowest wages, it represents an energy cost that is significantly more expensive than even exotic power sources such as solar photovoltaic panels (and thus even more expensive when compared to wind energy harvesters or luminescent solar concentrators).[7]

Levels of Mechanization

For simplification, Mechanization can be studied under different steps[8]. Many students refer to this as a basic to advanced form of Mechanical society.

  1. Hand/ Muscle power
  2. Hand tools
  3. Powered hand tools, e.g. electric controlled
  4. Powered tools, single functioned, fixed cycle
  5. Powered tools, multi-functioned, program controlled
  6. Powered tools, remote controlled
  7. Powered tools, activated by work piece, e.g. coin phone
  8. Measurement
  9. Selected signaling control, e.g. hydro power control
  10. Performance recording
  11. Machine action altered thru measurement
  12. Segregation/rejection according to measurement
  13. Selection of appropriate action cycle
  14. Correcting performance after operation
  15. Correcting performance during operation

See also

References

  1. ^ IC Engine 20% efficient
  2. ^ Electrical engines at 90% efficiency
  3. ^ http://www.mwcog.org/uploads/committee-documents/v1ldW1s20060524145809.ppt
  4. ^ Fuel cell efficiency
  5. ^ 1 liter of fuel yielding 100 arms for 24 hours, when efficiency is 40% which is never
  6. ^ Home documentary by Yann Arthus Bertrand too stating that 1 liter of fuel yields 100 arms for 24 hours; probably from same calculation
  7. ^ Combined work capability of human vs machines
  8. ^ Mechanization and its level

Categories: Industry | Agricultural machinery Categories: Machinery | Farming tools | Industrial agriculture | Armoured warfare

 

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Identify an agricultural engineering intervention that supports the reduction of food imports?
Q. It could be in agricultural industrial processing,land and water conservation, irrigation and drainage or farm mechanization
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A. If propery used, a good fertilization program, it increases yields thus should lower imports, but so much is imported anyway. Better trade areements with Russia would lower fertilizer costs as was in the 80's and 90s.
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